Glossary

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Tool Use (in Language Models) The capability of a language model to invoke external tools: APIs, code execution, retrieval, computation: and …Structured Output Constraining a language model to emit output that conforms to a specified schema (JSON, regex, grammar). The …Reasoning Models Language models post-trained to allocate substantial inference-time compute to internal reasoning before …Prompt Caching Server-side caching of attention key/value tensors for repeated prompt prefixes, reducing latency and cost for …Model Context Protocol (MCP) An open protocol that standardises how language models connect to tools, data sources, and external systems …Mixture of Experts (MoE) A neural network architecture in which only a small subset of parameters is activated for each input, enabling …LLM-as-a-Judge Using a language model as an automated evaluator of another model's outputs: methodology, calibration with …LLM Routing Architectures that direct each request to one of several available language models based on cost, capability, …Function Calling Structured tool invocation by language models: how the model emits typed function calls, how runtimes execute …Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) An alignment method that fine-tunes language models directly on preference data without training an explicit …Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting Eliciting intermediate reasoning steps from language models to improve performance on multi-step problems, …Agentic RAG Retrieval-Augmented Generation systems in which the language model actively plans, queries, critiques, and …Zero-Shot Learning What zero-shot learning is, how models perform tasks without examples, and when zero-shot approaches are …Zero Trust Architecture What zero trust means, how it replaces perimeter-based security, and why AI model serving and data access …Zachman Framework A two-dimensional classification schema for organizing the descriptive representations of an enterprise, …YAGNI Principle - You Aren't Gonna Need It A software development principle from Extreme Programming stating that functionality should not be added until …XGBoost What XGBoost is, why it dominates structured data tasks, and practical guidance for using gradient-boosted …Workflow Engine Software that automates the execution of business processes by coordinating tasks, decisions, and integrations …Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) A hierarchical decomposition of project scope into manageable deliverables and work packages.WebSocket What WebSockets are, how they enable real-time bidirectional communication, and why they are used for …Webhooks Webhooks are user-defined HTTP callbacks that deliver real-time event notifications between web applications, …Web Components Web Components are a set of W3C standards (Custom Elements, Shadow DOM, HTML Templates) for creating reusable, …VPC - Virtual Private Cloud What a VPC is, how it provides network isolation on AWS, and essential VPC design considerations for AI …Vite The next-generation frontend build tool created by Evan You in 2020 that leverages native ES modules for …

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